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Eleanor Roosevelt’s High Expectations Regarding Madame Chiang Kai-shek
by Tim Sheehan

Table of Contents | Introduction | Conclusion | Endnotes | Related Web Resources

Endnotes

⁽¹⁾ Hsi-sheng Ch’i, “Chiang Kai-shek and Franklin D. Roosevelt,” in Franklin D. Roosevelt and His Contemporaries (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992), 133. Return to Introduction

⁽²⁾ Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor & Franklin (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1971), xviii-44, 61, 75. Return to Page 1

⁽³⁾ Lash, Eleanor & Franklin, 80, 86-87. Return to Page 1

⁽⁴⁾ Lash, Eleanor & Franklin, 97, 103. Return to Page 1

⁽⁵⁾ See Lash’s Eleanor & Franklin for more information about each situation. Return to Page 1

⁽⁶⁾ Lash, Eleanor & Franklin, 182, 208-209, 277-280, 335-336. Return to Page 1

⁽⁷⁾ Laura Tyson Li, Madame Chiang Kai-shek: China’s Eternal First Lady (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2006), 1-24 (“Chapter Two: Revelation to Revolution” provides more information regarding Charles Soong’s life). Return to Page 2

⁽⁸⁾ Li, 5-10, 25-41. Return to Page 2

⁽⁹⁾ Li, 43-74. For more information about Chiang Kai-shek, see Jonathan Fenby, Chiang Kai-shek: China’s Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost (New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2004); The Mandarin name of Chiang Kai-shek is Jiang Jieshi, Fenby, xxi. Return to Page 2

⁽¹⁰⁾ Before his marriage to Mayling Soong, Chiang Kai-shek previously had three wives. His legal separation from them is questionable. Li, 78. Return to Page 2

⁽¹¹⁾ Li, 87-144. Return to Page 2

⁽¹²⁾ For a better understanding of Chinese history and China’s relations to other nations, see the following titles: Harry G. Gelber, The Dragon and the Foreign Devils: China and the World, 1100 B.C. to the Present (New York: Walker & Company: 2007); John King Fairbank, China: A New History (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1992). Return to Page 3

⁽¹³⁾ “Man & Wife of the Year,” TIME (3 January 1938): 12-16, Full text of article available at http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,847922,00.html?iid=perma_share, courtesy of TIME Magazine Archives; Barbara W. Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China (New York: Macmillan, 1971), 187-188. Return to Page 3

⁽¹⁴⁾ Ruby Black, Eleanor Roosevelt: A Biography (New York: Duell, Sloan, & Pearce, 1940), 275. Return to Page 4

⁽¹⁵⁾ Eleanor Roosevelt, This I Remember (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1949), 284. Return to Page 4

⁽¹⁶⁾ Robert Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932-1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), 330; Fenby, 300, 393; Li, 141, 194; Tuchman, 311-314, 318-319, 324. Return to Page 5

⁽¹⁷⁾ Letter, Eleanor Roosevelt to Madame Chiang Kai-shek, 16 September 1942, Folder: Mme. Chiang Kai-shek, White House Correspondence 1933-1945, Papers of Eleanor Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York. Return to Page 5

⁽¹⁸⁾ Tuchman, 238-240; Dallek, 330. Return to Page 5

⁽¹⁹⁾ Joseph Warren Stilwell, The Stilwell Papers, ed. Theodore H. White (New York: W. Sloane Associates, [1948]), 36. Return to Page 5

⁽²⁰⁾ Li, 194; Eleanor Roosevelt, This I Remember, 282-283 (contains quote). Return to Page 6

⁽²¹⁾ Eleanor Roosevelt, This I Remember, 283. Return to Page 6

⁽²²⁾ Joseph Lash was a good friend of ER’s. He married Trude Pratt, one of ER’s secretaries. Joseph P. Lash, Love Eleanor (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1982), 419. Return to Page 6

⁽²³⁾ F. Tillman Durdin, “‘Worth Twenty Divisions:’ That’s What Chiang Kai-shek Says about His Wife, Co-Leader in China’s Bitter Struggle for Survival,” New York Times Magazine (14 September 1941): 8, 22. Return to Page 6

⁽²⁴⁾ Rough Draft, Eleanor Roosevelt, “My Day,” 17 February 1943, Folder: “My Day” Column Drafts, 3 January - 28 February 1943, Speech & Article File; Papers of Eleanor Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York; Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt, “My Day,” Lowell Sun, 18 February 1943, 17 (contains quote); Online copy of the original column is available at http://www.gwu.edu/~erpapers/myday/displaydoc.cfm?_y=1943&_f=md056425, courtesy of The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project. Return to Page 6

⁽²⁵⁾ Lash, Eleanor & Franklin, 675. Return to Page 6

⁽²⁶⁾ At this time, ER’s daughter Anna is married to Joseph Boettiger of Seattle. Letter, Eleanor Roosevelt to Anna Boettiger, 21 December 1942, Folder: Roosevelt, Eleanor, Correspondence File, Anna Roosevelt Halstead Papers, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York. Return to Page 6

⁽²⁷⁾ The Casablanca Conference took place in January 1943. American and British military chiefs met to discuss war planning. Russian Premier Josef Stalin did not want to be pressured by Chiang Kai-shek to fight Japan. The European theater mattered more. As a result, China was not invited to participate at Casablanca. Stalin decided not to attend himself. Lash, Eleanor & Franklin, 676; Dallek, 368-369. Return to Page 6

⁽²⁸⁾ Lash, Eleanor & Franklin, 676. Return to Page 6

⁽²⁹⁾ Lash, Eleanor & Franklin, 676. Return to Page 6

⁽³⁰⁾ ER underlined “with” for emphasis. Low morale gripped China. ER felt her presence would show China that they were not fighting Japan alone. Letter, Eleanor Roosevelt to Joseph Lash, 12 February 1943, Folder 13 (Correspondence with Eleanor Roosevelt), Speeches and Writings, Joseph P. Lash Papers, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York; Lash, Eleanor & Franklin, 677. Return to Page 6

⁽³¹⁾ Letter, Eleanor Roosevelt to Joseph Lash, 17 February 1943, Folder 14 (Correspondence with Eleanor Roosevelt), Speeches and Writings, Joseph P. Lash Papers, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York. Return to Page 7

⁽³²⁾ Nancy MacLennan, “China’s First Lady Charms Congress,” New York Times, 19 February 1943, 4; W.H. Lawrence, “Mme. Chiang Asks Defeat of Japan, and House Cheers,” New York Times, 19 February 1943, 1, 4; Mme. Chiang quoted from “Text of the Two Addresses Before Congress by Mme. Chiang Kai=shek [sic],” New York Times, 19 February 1943, p. 4; There’s a bit of irony in Madame Chiang’s “risk it gloriously” quote. The Chinese had been unwilling to launch a campaign in Burma. This information was unknown to the U.S. public. Chiang Kai-shek, according to Barbara Tuchman, apparently did not want “to risk it gloriously.” Tuchman, 350. Return to Page 7

⁽³³⁾ W.H. Lawrence, “Mme. Chiang Asks Defeat of Japan, and House Cheers,” New York Times, 19 February 1943, 1, 4; Li, 199-204, 500n. Return to Page 7

⁽³⁴⁾ Rough Draft, Eleanor Roosevelt, “My Day,” 18 February 1943, Folder: “My Day” Column Drafts, 3 January - 28 February 1943, Speech & Article File, Papers of Eleanor Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York; Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt, “My Day,” Lowell Sun, 19 February 1943, 14 (contains quote); Online copy of the original column is available at http://www.gwu.edu/~erpapers/myday/displaydoc.cfm?_y=1943&_f=md056426, courtesy of The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project. Return to Page 7

⁽³⁵⁾ W.H. Lawrence, “President Tells Mme. Chiang More Arms will be Rushed,” New York Times, 20 February 1943, 1; Nancy MacLennan, “Mme. Chiang Poises as if for Flight,” New York Times, 20 February 1943, 3. Return to Page 8

⁽³⁶⁾ “The Eight Hundred and Eighty-first Press Conference - Joint Conference of the President and Mme. Chiang Kai-shek (Excerpts), 19 February 1943,” The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Vol. 12, Samuel Rosenman, editor (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1950), 102. Return to Page 8

⁽³⁷⁾ “The Eight Hundred and Eighty-first Press Conference,” 103-105 (quote contained on p. 104). Return to Page 8

⁽³⁸⁾ “The Eight Hundred and Eighty-first Press Conference,” 106. Return to Page 8

⁽³⁹⁾ W.H. Lawrence, “President Tells Mme. Chiang More Arms will be Rushed,” New York Times, 20 February 1943, 1, 3; Tuchman, 352. Return to Page 8

⁽⁴⁰⁾ Nancy MacLennan, “Mme. Chiang Poises as if for Flight,” New York Times, 20 February 1943, 3. Return to Page 8

⁽⁴¹⁾ Rough Draft, Eleanor Roosevelt, “My Day,” 19 February 1943, Folder: “My Day” Column Drafts, 3 January - 28 February 1943, Speech & Article File, Papers of Eleanor Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York; Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt, “My Day,” Lowell Sun, 20 February 1943, 7 (contains quote); Online copy of the original column is available at http://www.gwu.edu/~erpapers/myday/displaydoc.cfm?_y=1943&_f=md056427, courtesy of The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project. Return to Page 8

⁽⁴²⁾ Eleanor Roosevelt, This I Remember, 286. Return to Page 8

⁽⁴³⁾ Rough Draft, Eleanor Roosevelt, “My Day,” 19 February 1943, Folder: “My Day” Column Drafts, 3 January - 28 February 1943, Speech & Article File, Papers of Eleanor Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York; Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt, “My Day,” Lowell Sun, 20 February 1943, 7 (contains quote as printed in The Sun); Online copy of the original column is available at http://www.gwu.edu/~erpapers/myday/displaydoc.cfm?_y=1943&_f=md056427, courtesy of The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project. Return to Page 8

⁽⁴⁴⁾ Eleanor Roosevelt’s Press Conference with Madame Chiang Kai-shek, 24 February 1943, Speech & Article File (1943), Papers of Eleanor Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York. Return to Page 9

⁽⁴⁵⁾ Eleanor Roosevelt’s Press Conference with Madame Chiang Kai-shek. Return to Page 9

⁽⁴⁶⁾ Eleanor Roosevelt’s Press Conference with Madame Chiang Kai-shek. Return to Page 9

⁽⁴⁷⁾ Eleanor Roosevelt’s Press Conference with Madame Chiang Kai-shek. Return to Page 9

⁽⁴⁸⁾ Eleanor Roosevelt’s Press Conference with Madame Chiang Kai-shek. Return to Page 9

⁽⁴⁹⁾ Eleanor Roosevelt’s Press Conference with Madame Chiang Kai-shek. Return to Page 9

⁽⁵⁰⁾ Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt, “My Day,” Lowell Sun, 26 February 1943, 8 (contains quote); Online copy of the original column is available at http://www.gwu.edu/~erpapers/myday/displaydoc.cfm?_y=1943&_f=md056432, courtesy of The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project. Return to Page 9

⁽⁵¹⁾ Winifred Mallon, “Mme. Chiang Asks Arms, Not Food; Says Ammunition is Great Need,” New York Times, 25 February 1943, 8; German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel’s retreat from Tunisia dominated The New York Times headlines for 25 February 1943. New York Times, 25 February 1943; The New York Times held the belief that Hitler must be defeated first, then the focus can be on Japan and the protection of China. “Lady from China,” New York Times, 19 February 1943, 18. Return to Page 9

⁽⁵²⁾ Dallek, 391; Barbara Tuchman makes the same observation in her book Stillwell and the American Experience in China. Tuchman, 349. Return to Page 10

⁽⁵³⁾ Letter, Eleanor Roosevelt to Anna Boettiger, 20 February 1943, Folder: Roosevelt, Eleanor, Correspondence File, Anna Roosevelt Halstead Papers, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York. Return to Page 10

⁽⁵⁴⁾ Eleanor Roosevelt, This I Remember, 283. Return to Page 10

⁽⁵⁵⁾ Eleanor Roosevelt, This I Remember, 284 (contains quote); Dallek, 388. Return to Page 10

⁽⁵⁶⁾ Theodore F. Harris in consultation with Pearl S. Buck, Pearl S. Buck: A Biography (New York: The John Day Company, [1969]), 292-293. Return to Page 11

⁽⁵⁷⁾ Lillian Rogers Parks with Frances Spantz Leighton, The Roosevelts: A Family in Turmoil (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1981), 96. Return to Page 11

⁽⁵⁸⁾ Dallek, 388; John Morton Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries, Years of War, 1943-1945 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1967), 106. Return to Page 11

⁽⁵⁹⁾ Blum, 106. Return to Page 12

⁽⁶⁰⁾ Parks with Leighton, 98; Letter, Eleanor Roosevelt to Anna Boettiger, 21 February 1943, Folder: Roosevelt, Eleanor, Correspondence File, Anna Roosevelt Halstead Papers, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York. Return to Page 13

⁽⁶¹⁾ Maurine Beasley, Eleanor Roosevelt and the Media (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1987), 158. Return to Page 13

⁽⁶²⁾ Letter, Madame Chiang Kai-shek to Eleanor Roosevelt, 14 February 1943, Folder: Chiang Kai-shek, Madame, White House Correspondence 1933-1945, Papers of Eleanor Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York. Return to Page 13

⁽⁶³⁾ Parks with Leighton, 97-98. Return to Page 13

⁽⁶⁴⁾ Letter, Eleanor Roosevelt to Madame Chiang Kai-shek, 29 February 1943, Folder: Chiang Kai-shek, Madame, White House Correspondence 1933-1945, Papers of Eleanor Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York. Return to Page 13

⁽⁶⁵⁾ Letter, Eleanor Roosevelt to Walter White, 22 February 1943, Folder: White, Walter, White House Correspondence 1933-1945, Papers of Eleanor Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York. Return to Page 13

⁽⁶⁶⁾ Letters, Eleanor Roosevelt to Madame Chiang Kai-shek, 25 May 1943 and 26 January 1943, Folder: Chiang Kai-shek, Madame, White House Correspondence 1933-1945, Papers of Eleanor Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York. Return to Page 13

⁽⁶⁷⁾ Letter, Eleanor Roosevelt to Madame Chiang, 20 March 1943, Folder: Chiang Kai-shek, Madame, White House Correspondence 1933-1945, Papers of Eleanor Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York. Return to Page 13

⁽⁶⁸⁾ Letter, L.W. K’ung to Eleanor Roosevelt, 10 April 1943, Folder: Chiang Kai-shek, Madame, White House Correspondence 1933-1945, Papers of Eleanor Roosevelt; Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York. Return to Page 13

⁽⁶⁹⁾ Rough Draft, Eleanor Roosevelt, “My Day,” 4 May 1943, Folder: “My Day” Column Drafts, May 1943, Speech & Article File, Papers of Eleanor Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York. Return to Page 13

⁽⁷⁰⁾ Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt, “My Day,” Lowell Sun, 5 May 1943, 8; Available online at http://www.gwu.edu/~erpapers/myday/displaydoc.cfm?_y=1943&_f=md056487, courtesy of The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project. Return to Page 13

⁽⁷¹⁾ Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin, 676. Return to Page 13

⁽⁷²⁾ Letter, Eleanor Roosevelt to Anna Boettiger, 28 February 1943, Folder: Roosevelt, Eleanor, Correspondence File, Anna Roosevelt Halstead Papers, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York. Return to Page 13

⁽⁷³⁾ Eleanor Roosevelt, This I Remember, 283. Return to Page 13

⁽⁷⁴⁾ Theodore Harris with Pearl S. Buck, Pearl S. Buck, 292-293; Peter Conn, Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 271-272. Return to Page 14

⁽⁷⁵⁾ Letter, Pearl Buck to Eleanor Roosevelt, 22 March 1943, Folder: Buck, Pearl, White House Correspondence 1933-1945, Papers of Eleanor Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York; Reprint of this letter is available in Theodore F. Harris in consultation with Pearl S. Buck, Pearl S. Buck: A Biography. Volume Two: Her Philosophy as Expressed in Her Letters (New York: The John Day Company, [1971]), 320-329; All quotes are made from original letter. Return to Page 14

⁽⁷⁶⁾ Letter, Pearl Buck to Eleanor Roosevelt, 22 March 1943. Return to Page 14

⁽⁷⁷⁾ Letter, Pearl Buck to Eleanor Roosevelt, 22 March 1943. Return to Page 14

⁽⁷⁸⁾ Li, 93-113, 134-144. Return to Page 14

⁽⁷⁹⁾ Rough Draft, Eleanor Roosevelt, “Madame Chiang,” Colliers article folder, Speech and Article File 1943, Papers of Eleanor Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York. Return to Page 15

⁽⁸⁰⁾ Memorandum, [Malvina] Tommy [Thompson] to George T. Bye, 20 March 1943, “Madame Chiang” Colliers article folder, Speech and Article File 1943, Papers of Eleanor Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York; Although ER’s article was never published, Pearl Buck had her article “A Warning About China” published in the 10 May 1943 Life issue. Although the article criticizes the Chiang Kai-sheks, Henry Luce, the publisher of Life and Chiang Kai-shek supporter, allowed the article to be published. Conn, 272-273. Return to Page 15

⁽⁸¹⁾ Eleanor Roosevelt, This I Remember, 287. Return to Page 15

⁽⁸²⁾ Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin, 679. Return to Page 16

⁽⁸³⁾ Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1948), 706-707. Return to Page 16

⁽⁸⁴⁾ Joseph P. Lash, Love Eleanor, 443. Return to Page 16

⁽⁸⁵⁾ Joseph P. Lash, Love Eleanor, 443. Return to Page 16

⁽⁸⁶⁾ Letter, Eleanor Roosevelt to Madame Chiang Kai-shek, 26 July 1943, Folder: Chiang Kai-shek, Madame, White House Correspondence 1933-1945, Papers of Eleanor Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York. Return to Page 16

⁽⁸⁷⁾ Joseph Lash, A World of Love, 93. Return to Page 17

⁽⁸⁸⁾ Joseph Lash, A World of Love, 96; For more information about China’s role at the Cairo Conference, see Chapter 16 “China’s Hour at Cairo” of Barbara Tuchman’s Stillwell and the American Experience in China. Return to Page 17

⁽⁸⁹⁾ Letter, Eleanor Roosevelt to Madame Chiang Kai-shek, 3 January 1944, Folder: Chiang Kai-shek, White House Correspondence 1933-1945, Papers of Eleanor Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York. Return to Page 17

⁽⁹⁰⁾ Eleanor Roosevelt, “How About Women at the Peace Conference?” The Reader’s Digest, 44(264): 48-49; quoted from clipping in “How About Women at the Peace Conference?” folder, Speech and Article File (1944), Papers of Eleanor Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York. Return to Page 18

⁽⁹¹⁾ Dallek, 388-390. Return to Page 19

⁽⁹²⁾ Letter, Eleanor Roosevelt to Madame Chiang Kai-shek, 3 January 1944, Folder: Chiang Kai-shek, White House Correspondence 1933-1945, Papers of Eleanor Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York. Return to Page 19

⁽⁹³⁾ Eleanor Roosevelt, This I Remember, 313. Return to Page 19

⁽⁹⁴⁾ Letter, Madame Chiang Kai-shek to Eleanor Roosevelt, 29 February 1944, Folder: Chiang Kai-shek, White House Correspondence 1933-1945, Papers of Eleanor Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York. Return to Page 20

⁽⁹⁵⁾ Fenby, 402, 422-423; Li, 249-254. Return to Page 20

⁽⁹⁶⁾ Letter, Eleanor Roosevelt to Madame Chiang Kai-shek, 12 October 1944, Folder: Chiang Kai-shek, White House Correspondence 1933-1945, Papers of Eleanor Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York. Return to Page 20

⁽⁹⁷⁾ Letter, Eleanor Roosevelt to Madame Chiang Kai-shek, 11 November 1944, Folder: Chiang Kai-shek, White House Correspondence 1933-1945, Papers of Eleanor Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York. Return to Page 20

⁽⁹⁸⁾ Joseph Lash, Eleanor: The Years Alone (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1972), 27-28. Return to Page 21

⁽⁹⁹⁾ For more information about Eleanor Roosevelt and her life after her White House years, see Lash, Eleanor: The Years Alone and Allida M. Black, Casting Her Own Shadow: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Shaping of Postwar Liberalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996). Return to Page 21

⁽¹⁰⁰⁾ “Mme. Chiang Chided by Mrs. Roosevelt,” New York Times, 5 December 1945, 2; Li, 269. Return to Page 21

⁽¹⁰¹⁾ Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt, “My Day,” Lowell Sun, 7 December 1945, 15; Available online at http://www.gwu.edu/~erpapers/myday/displaydoc.cfm?_y=1945&_f=md000202, courtesy of The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project. Return to Page 21

⁽¹⁰²⁾ Letter, Madame Chiang Kai-shek to Eleanor Roosevelt, 8 February 1947, Folder: Chiang Kai-shek, Post White House Papers 1945-52, Papers of Eleanor Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York. Return to Page 21

⁽¹⁰³⁾ Li, 264-310; Gelber, 323-330. Return to Page 22

⁽¹⁰⁴⁾ Li, 295-310, 373-377, 388-395. Return to Page 22

⁽¹⁰⁵⁾ Letter, Eleanor Roosevelt to Madame Chiang Kai-shek, 9 January 1949, Folder: Chiang Kai-shek, Post White House Papers 1945-52, Papers of Eleanor Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York. Return to Page 23

⁽¹⁰⁶⁾ Letter, Eleanor Roosevelt to Madame Chiang Kai-shek, 9 January 1949. Return to Page 23

⁽¹⁰⁷⁾ Eleanor Roosevelt, The Autobiography of Eleanor Roosevelt (New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1958), 343. Return to Page 23

⁽¹⁰⁸⁾ Lash, Eleanor & Franklin, 676. Return to Page 23

⁽¹⁰⁹⁾ Memorandum, Miss Garvey to Eleanor Roosevelt, 1 December 1958, Folder: Cherkassky-Chiesa, Post White House Papers 1957-1962, Papers of Eleanor Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York. Return to Page 23

⁽¹¹⁰⁾ Li, 339, 345, 373-377, 388-395, 410, 412, 414-418, 425. Return to Page 24

⁽¹¹¹⁾ Li, 427-460. Return to Page 24

⁽¹¹²⁾ Tuchman 352, 387. China continued to make more demands for military supplies and loans, but the FDR Administration began to question the worthiness of such demands. Tuchman 410-414; Blum 107, 118-119. Return to Page 24

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Eleanor Roosevelt’s High Expectations Regarding Madame Chiang Kai-shekby Tim Sheehan

Endnotes

Eleanor Roosevelt’s High Expectations Regarding Madame Chiang Kai-shek
by Tim Sheehan